The cases behind the rights, and where to read the originals
On this page (9 sections)
A constitution's words are short. Courts decide what they mean in real disputes, and those decisions bind later cases. Below is every case this section relies on. For each one we read the opinion text ourselves; the link goes to a free copy. A case's holding is what it decided. Anything else in an opinion is explanation.
Read the whole opinion before you rely on a case. A quote out of context can mislead, and later cases can narrow or change a rule. We have not checked every later case that cites these decisions. Links go to free copies (Cornell's Legal Information Institute, CourtListener, Justia, and the California Attorney General). These are not the official reporters.
How to read a case citation
| Citation | Means |
|---|---|
| Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523 (1967) | Volume 387 of the United States Reports, starting at page 523, decided in 1967. U.S. Supreme Court. |
| Amador Valley ... v. State Bd. of Equalization (1978) 22 Cal.3d 208 | Volume 22 of California Reports, Third Series, page 208. California Supreme Court. |
| Gleaves v. Waters (1985) 175 Cal.App.3d 413 | Volume 175 of California Appellate Reports, Third Series, page 413. A California Court of Appeal. |
Which ones bind Williams? The California Supreme Court stated the rule in 1962: "Under the doctrine of stare decisis, all tribunals exercising inferior jurisdiction are required to follow decisions of courts exercising superior jurisdiction." "The decisions of this court are binding upon and must be followed by all the state courts of California," and Court of Appeal decisions (then called the District Courts of Appeal) "are binding upon all the justice and municipal courts and upon all the superior courts of this state" (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450) Verified1. That includes the Colusa County Superior Court, the trial court for the county Williams is in Unverified2. When appellate decisions conflict, "the court exercising inferior jurisdiction can and must make a choice between the conflicting decisions" Verified1. Only published Court of Appeal opinions count: an opinion "that is not certified for publication or ordered published must not be cited or relied on by a court or a party in any other action," with narrow exceptions (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a)) Verified3. On the U.S. Constitution, the U.S. Supreme Court has the last word for state courts and officials too: "the federal judiciary is supreme in the exposition of the law of the Constitution" (Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958)) Verified4.
Holding vs. explanation. A case's holding is what it decided on its facts. The rest of the opinion explains. Later cases can narrow a holding, so read the newest cases first.
Key cases, explained
The tables below explain the cases the Williams lessons rely on most. The full case index lists every case in the course.
U.S. Supreme Court
| Case | What happened | What the Court said | Why it matters here |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | A dispute over an undelivered judicial commission. | "It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is." Verified5 | Courts, not cities, decide what the Constitution means. |
| Barron v. Baltimore (1833) | A wharf owner said city work ruined his property. | The takings clause "is intended solely as a limitation on the exercise of power by the government of the United States, and is not applicable to the legislation of the states." Verified6 | Before the Fourteenth Amendment, the Bill of Rights didn't bind states or cities. |
| Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886) | San Francisco denied laundry permits to Chinese applicants under a neutral-sounding ordinance. | A law "fair on its face" but applied "with an evil eye and an unequal hand" denies equal protection; the Fourteenth Amendment "is not confined to the protection of citizens." Verified7 | Equal protection covers how a city enforces, and covers non-citizens. |
| Camara v. Municipal Court (1967) | A San Francisco tenant was charged with a crime for refusing a warrantless housing inspection. | He "had a constitutional right to insist that the inspectors obtain a warrant to search." Verified8 | Code inspectors need consent or a warrant, except in emergencies. |
| Coates v. City of Cincinnati (1971) | A city made it a crime to be "annoying to persons passing by." | "Unconstitutionally vague"; "Conduct that annoys some people does not annoy others." Verified9 | Vague city rules can fail. |
| Grayned v. City of Rockford (1972) | A protester challenged two city ordinances. | Explained why vague laws fail; upheld the antinoise ordinance as "not invalid on its face." Verified10 | The test for vagueness, and a reminder that clear noise rules can stand. |
| Mathews v. Eldridge (1976) | Disability benefits were cut off before a hearing. | Due process means being heard "at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner," judged by three factors. Verified11 | The yardstick for any city procedure, including deposits to contest. |
| PruneYard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980) | California protected petitioning at a private mall. | States have a "sovereign right to adopt in its own constitution individual liberties more expansive than those conferred by the Federal Constitution." Verified12 | California's rights can go further than federal rights. |
| United States v. Bajakajian (1998) | The government sought to take $357,144 for a reporting violation. | A punitive forfeiture is unconstitutional "if it is grossly disproportional to the gravity of the offense." Verified13 | The federal test for excessive fines. |
| Village of Willowbrook v. Olech (2000) | A village demanded a bigger easement from one family than from others to connect water. | A "class of one" can claim equal protection. Verified14 | One resident treated differently can sue, if there's no rational basis. |
| McDonald v. Chicago (2010) | A challenge to a city handgun ban. | "The Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Second Amendment right." (from the official syllabus) Verified15 | A modern example of incorporation against a city. |
| Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2018) | A critic was handcuffed and removed during council public comment. | "The existence of probable cause does not bar Lozman's First Amendment retaliation claim under the circumstances of this case." Verified16 | Retaliating against a speaker at a council meeting can be challenged. |
| Timbs v. Indiana (2019) | Indiana took a $42,000 vehicle over a drug sale. | "The Excessive Fines Clause is therefore incorporated by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment." Verified17 | Excessive-fines protection binds states and cities. |
| Knick v. Township of Scott (2019) | A township ordinance required public access to a private cemetery. | A property owner "may bring a Fifth Amendment claim under §1983" when property is taken without compensation. Verified18 | Takings claims against local government can go straight to federal court. |
| Tyler v. Hennepin County (2023) | A county sold a condo over a tax debt of about $15,000 and kept the $25,000 surplus. | "A taxpayer is entitled to the surplus in excess of the debt owed." Verified19 | Government can't keep more than it's owed in a tax sale. |
California courts
| Case | What happened | What the court said | Why it matters here |
|---|---|---|---|
| Murgia v. Municipal Court (1975) 15 Cal.3d 286 | Farm-worker union members said they were prosecuted because of their union. | A prosecution based on invidious discrimination "must collapse upon the sands of prejudice," but simple laxity or "nonarbitrary selective enforcement" is not a violation. Verified20 | How to raise discriminatory enforcement, and how hard it is. |
| Hale v. Morgan (1978) 22 Cal.3d 388 | A $100-a-day civil penalty reached $17,300. | A "mandatory, fixed, substantial and cumulative punitive sanction" applied to people of very different culpability is "manifestly suspect." Verified21 | Daily penalties that stack can be challenged. |
| Robins v. Pruneyard (1979) 23 Cal.3d 899 | Students gathered petition signatures at a private mall. | Art. I, §§2 and 3 "protect speech and petitioning, reasonably exercised, in shopping centers even when the centers are privately owned." Verified22 | California speech rights reach further than federal ones. |
| Gleaves v. Waters (1985) 175 Cal.App.3d 413 | A dispute over warrantless entry to abate a nuisance. | Officials abating a nuisance "must have a warrant to enter any private property where such entry would invade a constitutionally protected privacy interest," absent consent or emergency. Verified23 | The warrant rule applies to nuisance abatement in California. |
| Sherwin-Williams Co. v. City of Los Angeles (1993) 4 Cal.4th 893 | Paint companies said state law preempted a Los Angeles rule on the retail display of aerosol paint. The court held it was not preempted. | Local law that "duplicates, contradicts, or enters an area fully occupied by general law" is preempted and "void." Verified24 | The test for when state law beats a city ordinance, and a reminder that cities often win. |
| Hill v. NCAA (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1 | College athletes challenged drug testing by a private association. | The privacy right can be enforced against private entities, and the claim starts with "a specific, legally protected privacy interest." Verified25 | California's privacy right is broad. |
| People ex rel. Lockyer v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. (2005) 37 Cal.4th 707 | Penalties for handing out free cigarette samples. | Four factors for excessive fines, including "the defendant's ability to pay." Verified26 | The California test for excessive fines. |
| Bighorn-Desert View Water Agency v. Verjil (2006) 39 Cal.4th 205 | A resident's initiative to cut water rates and require votes on increases. | Voters can reduce water charges by initiative, but can't impose a vote requirement on future increases this way. Verified27 | What Prop 218 lets residents do about water rates. |
288 cases are cited across this course. Each row links to the free copy we read and to every lesson that relies on it.
Case index: U.S. Supreme Court (221)
| Case | Read it | Taught in |
|---|---|---|
| Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S. 419 (1793) | opinion | 11th: State immunity |
| Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386 (1798) | opinion | Art. I §§9–10: Limits |
| Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803) | opinion | Cases and originals, Course overview, Art. III: The courts |
| Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 14 U.S. 304 (1816) | opinion | Supremacy and preemption, Art. III: The courts |
| McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819) | opinion | Art. I §8: Powers of Congress, Art. VII: Ratification, The Preamble |
| Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 17 U.S. 518 (1819) | opinion | Art. I §§9–10: Limits |
| Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1 (1824) | opinion | Art. I §8: Powers of Congress |
| Barron v. Baltimore, 32 U.S. (7 Pet.) 243 (1833) | opinion | Cases and originals, Incorporation, Course overview, U.S. Constitution: start here, 1st: Speech, religion, 14th: Due process, equal |
| Luther v. Borden, 48 U.S. 1 (1849) | opinion | Art. IV: The states |
| Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. 36 (1873) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. 162 (1875) | opinion | 19th: Women vote |
| Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883) | opinion | 13th: Slavery abolished |
| Hurtado v. California, 110 U.S. 516 (1884) | opinion | CA Art I: Criminal justice, 5th: Due process, takings |
| Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886) | opinion | Cases and originals, 14th: Due process, equal, Williams code, clause by clause |
| Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U.S. 1 (1890) | opinion | 11th: State immunity |
| Lincoln County v. Luning, 133 U.S. 529 (1890) | opinion | 11th: State immunity |
| Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 157 U.S. 429 (1895) | opinion | 16th: Income tax, Art. I §§9–10: Limits |
| Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. Co. v. Chicago, 166 U.S. 226 (1897) | opinion | 5th: Due process, takings |
| United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11 (1905) | opinion | The Preamble |
| Hunter v. City of Pittsburgh, 207 U.S. 161 (1907) | opinion | Incorporation, 10th: Reserved powers, 14th: Due process, equal |
| Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908) | opinion | 11th: State immunity |
| Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U.S. 219 (1911) | opinion | 13th: Slavery abolished |
| Pacific States Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Oregon, 223 U.S. 118 (1912) | opinion | Art. IV: The states |
| Brushaber v. Union Pacific R. Co., 240 U.S. 1 (1916) | opinion | 16th: Income tax |
| Butler v. Perry, 240 U.S. 328 (1916) | opinion | 13th: Slavery abolished |
| Minneapolis & St. Louis R. Co. v. Bombolis, 241 U.S. 211 (1916) | opinion | 7th: Civil juries |
| Hawke v. Smith, 253 U.S. 221 (1920) | opinion | 18th: Prohibition, Art. V: Amendments |
| National Prohibition Cases, 253 U.S. 350 (1920) | opinion | 18th: Prohibition |
| Dillon v. Gloss, 256 U.S. 368 (1921) | opinion | 18th: Prohibition, 27th: Congress pay, Art. V: Amendments |
| Leser v. Garnett, 258 U.S. 130 (1922) | opinion | 19th: Women vote, Art. V: Amendments |
| Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393 (1922) | opinion | 5th: Due process, takings |
| Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925) | opinion | Incorporation, 1st: Speech, religion, 14th: Due process, equal |
| Connally v. General Construction Co., 269 U.S. 385 (1926) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926) | opinion | Art. II: The President |
| Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365 (1926) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal, 5th: Due process, takings |
| Tumey v. Ohio, 273 U.S. 510 (1927) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697 (1931) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Home Building & Loan Assn. v. Blaisdell, 290 U.S. 398 (1934) | opinion | Art. I §§9–10: Limits |
| Humphrey's Executor v. United States, 295 U.S. 602 (1935) | opinion | Art. II: The President |
| Perry v. United States, 294 U.S. 330 (1935) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Breedlove v. Suttles, 302 U.S. 277 (1937) | opinion | 19th: Women vote, 24th: Poll taxes |
| Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319 (1937) | opinion | Incorporation, 14th: Due process, equal |
| Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433 (1939) | opinion | 27th: Congress pay, Art. V: Amendments |
| Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization, 307 U.S. 496 (1939) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| United States v. Darby, 312 U.S. 100 (1941) | opinion | 10th: Reserved powers |
| Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111 (1942) | opinion | Art. I §8: Powers of Congress |
| Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944) | opinion | 15th: Race and the vote |
| Cramer v. United States, 325 U.S. 1 (1945) | opinion | Art. III: The courts |
| Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Wolf v. Colorado, 338 U.S. 25 (1949) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306 (1950) | opinion | Worked path: code to rights, 14th: Due process, equal |
| Stack v. Boyle, 342 U.S. 1 (1951) | opinion | 8th: Fines, punishment |
| Ray v. Blair, 343 U.S. 214 (1952) | opinion | 12th: Electoral College |
| Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952) | opinion | Art. II: The President |
| Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 (1954) | opinion | 5th: Due process, takings |
| Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958) | opinion | Cases and originals, Supremacy and preemption, Art. III: The courts, Art. VI: Supremacy |
| Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86 (1958) | opinion | 8th: Fines, punishment |
| Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U.S. 339 (1960) | opinion | 15th: Race and the vote |
| Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961) | opinion | Worked path: code to rights, 4th: Search and seizure |
| Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167 (1961) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Torcaso v. Watkins, 367 U.S. 488 (1961) | opinion | Art. VI: Supremacy |
| Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962) | opinion | 8th: Fines, punishment |
| Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) | opinion | 6th: Fair trial |
| Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1 (1964) | opinion | 5th: Due process, takings |
| New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1 (1964) | opinion | 17th: Elect senators, Art. I §§1–7: Congress |
| Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal, 3rd: Quartering, 9th: Unlisted rights |
| Harman v. Forssenius, 380 U.S. 528 (1965) | opinion | 24th: Poll taxes |
| Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 383 U.S. 663 (1966) | opinion | 24th: Poll taxes |
| Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966) | opinion | 5th: Due process, takings |
| South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S. 301 (1966) | opinion | 15th: Race and the vote |
| Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523 (1967) | opinion | Cases and originals, Worked path: code to rights, Course overview, 4th: Search and seizure, Williams code, clause by clause |
| Garrity v. New Jersey, 385 U.S. 493 (1967) | opinion | 5th: Due process, takings |
| Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| See v. City of Seattle, 387 U.S. 541 (1967) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Avery v. Midland County, 390 U.S. 474 (1968) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal, 19th: Women vote |
| Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145 (1968) | opinion | Incorporation, 6th: Fair trial |
| Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 (1968) | opinion | 13th: Slavery abolished |
| Pickering v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563 (1968) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 (1969) | opinion | 5th: Due process, takings |
| Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486 (1969) | opinion | Art. I §§1–7: Congress |
| Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Baldwin v. New York, 399 U.S. 66 (1970) | opinion | 6th: Fair trial |
| Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U.S. 112 (1970) | opinion | 26th: Vote at 18 |
| Waller v. Florida, 397 U.S. 387 (1970) | opinion | 5th: Due process, takings |
| Coates v. City of Cincinnati, 402 U.S. 611 (1971) | opinion | Cases and originals, 14th: Due process, equal, Williams code, clause by clause |
| James v. Valtierra, 402 U.S. 137 (1971) | opinion | CA: Other & repealed articles |
| Tate v. Short, 401 U.S. 395 (1971) | opinion | 8th: Fines, punishment |
| Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 (1972) | opinion | 6th: Fair trial |
| Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972) | opinion | 6th: Fair trial |
| Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564 (1972) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Gravel v. United States, 408 U.S. 606 (1972) | opinion | Art. I §§1–7: Congress |
| Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104 (1972) | opinion | Cases and originals, 14th: Due process, equal, Williams code, clause by clause |
| Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville, 405 U.S. 156 (1972) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Ward v. Village of Monroeville, 409 U.S. 57 (1972) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974) | opinion | Art. II: The President |
| Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 (1976) | opinion | 21st: Repeal |
| Kleppe v. New Mexico, 426 U.S. 529 (1976) | opinion | Art. IV: The states |
| Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976) | opinion | Cases and originals, 14th: Due process, equal, Williams code, clause by clause |
| Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229 (1976) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Bd. of Ed. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274 (1977) | opinion | 11th: State immunity |
| United States Trust Co. of New York v. New Jersey, 431 U.S. 1 (1977) | opinion | Art. I §§9–10: Limits |
| Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp., 429 U.S. 252 (1977) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Marshall v. Barlow's, Inc., 436 U.S. 307 (1978) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Memphis Light, Gas & Water Div. v. Craft, 436 U.S. 1 (1978) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499 (1978) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978) | opinion | Incorporation, 11th: State immunity, 14th: Due process, equal, 4th: Search and seizure, Art. III: The courts |
| Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City, 438 U.S. 104 (1978) | opinion | 5th: Due process, takings |
| Scott v. Illinois, 440 U.S. 367 (1979) | opinion | 6th: Fair trial |
| Owen v. City of Independence, 445 U.S. 622 (1980) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573 (1980) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| PruneYard Shopping Center v. Robins, 447 U.S. 74 (1980) | opinion | CA Art I: Liberty, equality, CA Art I: Speech, records, California: overview, Cases and originals, Supremacy and preemption, 1st: Speech, religion |
| Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp., 458 U.S. 419 (1982) | opinion | 5th: Due process, takings |
| Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Bearden v. Georgia, 461 U.S. 660 (1983) | opinion | 8th: Fines, punishment |
| INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919 (1983) | opinion | Art. I §§1–7: Congress |
| Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352 (1983) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Oliver v. United States, 466 U.S. 170 (1984) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) | opinion | 6th: Fair trial |
| City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S. 432 (1985) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532 (1985) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 U.S. 528 (1985) | opinion | 10th: Reserved powers |
| Supreme Court of New Hampshire v. Piper, 470 U.S. 274 (1985) | opinion | Art. IV: The states |
| Pembaur v. Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469 (1986) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| New York v. Burger, 482 U.S. 691 (1987) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Nollan v. California Coastal Commission, 483 U.S. 825 (1987) | opinion | CA Art I: Property, index, 5th: Due process, takings |
| Puerto Rico v. Branstad, 483 U.S. 219 (1987) | opinion | Art. IV: The states |
| South Dakota v. Dole, 483 U.S. 203 (1987) | opinion | Supremacy and preemption, 10th: Reserved powers, 21st: Repeal, Art. I §8: Powers of Congress |
| Tull v. United States, 481 U.S. 412 (1987) | opinion | 7th: Civil juries |
| United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739 (1987) | opinion | 8th: Fines, punishment |
| Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988) | opinion | Art. II: The President |
| United States v. Kozminski, 487 U.S. 931 (1988) | opinion | 13th: Slavery abolished |
| Browning-Ferris Industries v. Kelco Disposal, 492 U.S. 257 (1989) | opinion | 8th: Fines, punishment |
| DeShaney v. Winnebago County, 489 U.S. 189 (1989) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781 (1989) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Will v. Michigan Dept. of State Police, 491 U.S. 58 (1989) | opinion | Incorporation, 11th: State immunity |
| Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44 (1991) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003 (1992) | opinion | 5th: Due process, takings |
| Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555 (1992) | opinion | Art. III: The courts |
| New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144 (1992) | opinion | 10th: Reserved powers, Art. VI: Supremacy |
| Nordlinger v. Hahn, 505 U.S. 1 (1992) | opinion | CA Art XIII A: Prop 13, 14th: Due process, equal |
| Soldal v. Cook County, 506 U.S. 56 (1992) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Austin v. United States, 509 U.S. 602 (1993) | opinion | 8th: Fines, punishment |
| Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah, 508 U.S. 520 (1993) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Nixon v. United States, 506 U.S. 224 (1993) | opinion | Art. I §§1–7: Congress, Art. II: The President |
| City of Ladue v. Gilleo, 512 U.S. 43 (1994) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Dolan v. City of Tigard, 512 U.S. 374 (1994) | opinion | CA Art I: Property, index, 5th: Due process, takings |
| U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995) | opinion | 17th: Elect senators, 22nd: Two terms, Art. I §§1–7: Congress |
| United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995) | opinion | Art. I §8: Powers of Congress |
| City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898 (1997) | opinion | Supremacy and preemption, 10th: Reserved powers, Art. VI: Supremacy |
| Baker v. General Motors Corp., 522 U.S. 222 (1998) | opinion | Art. IV: The states |
| Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998) | opinion | Art. I §§1–7: Congress |
| United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321 (1998) | opinion | Cases and originals, 8th: Fines, punishment, Williams code, clause by clause |
| Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706 (1999) | opinion | 11th: State immunity |
| City of Chicago v. Morales, 527 U.S. 41 (1999) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Saenz v. Roe, 526 U.S. 489 (1999) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council, 530 U.S. 363 (2000) | opinion | Supremacy and preemption, Art. VI: Supremacy |
| Rice v. Cayetano, 528 U.S. 495 (2000) | opinion | 15th: Race and the vote |
| Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562 (2000) | opinion | Cases and originals, 14th: Due process, equal, Williams code, clause by clause |
| Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004) | opinion | 6th: Fair trial |
| Gonzales v. Raich, 545 U.S. 1 (2005) | opinion | Art. I §8: Powers of Congress |
| Granholm v. Heald, 544 U.S. 460 (2005) | opinion | 21st: Repeal, Art. I §8: Powers of Congress |
| Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469 (2005) | opinion | CA Art I: Property, index, 5th: Due process, takings |
| Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748 (2005) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410 (2006) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Jones v. Flowers, 547 U.S. 220 (2006) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008) | opinion | 2nd: Arms |
| McDonald v. City of Chicago, 561 U.S. 742 (2010) (syllabus) | opinion | Cases and originals, Incorporation, 2nd: Arms |
| Snyder v. Phelps, 562 U.S. 443 (2011) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387 (2012) | opinion | Art. I §8: Powers of Congress, Art. VI: Supremacy |
| National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519 (2012) | opinion | Art. I §8: Powers of Congress |
| Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. 1 (2013) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District, 570 U.S. 595 (2013) | opinion | 5th: Due process, takings |
| Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. 529 (2013) | opinion | 15th: Race and the vote |
| Heien v. North Carolina, 574 U.S. 54 (2014) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| NLRB v. Noel Canning, 573 U.S. 513 (2014) | opinion | Art. II: The President |
| Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373 (2014) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Town of Greece v. Galloway, 572 U.S. 565 (2014) | opinion | CA Art I: Speech, records, 1st: Speech, religion |
| City of Los Angeles v. Patel, 576 U.S. 409 (2015) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015) | opinion | CA Art I: Liberty, equality, CA Art III: State & separation, 14th: Due process, equal |
| Reed v. Town of Gilbert, 576 U.S. 155 (2015) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. 296 (2018) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2018), No. 17-21 | opinion | Cases and originals, Course overview, 1st: Speech, religion, 11th: State immunity, Williams code, clause by clause |
| Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Assn., 584 U.S. 453 (2018) | opinion | Supremacy and preemption, 10th: Reserved powers, Art. VI: Supremacy |
| Gamble v. United States, 587 U.S. 678 (2019) | opinion | 5th: Due process, takings |
| Knick v. Township of Scott (2019), No. 17-647 | opinion | Cases and originals, Course overview, 5th: Due process, takings |
| Nieves v. Bartlett, 587 U.S. 391 (2019) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Tennessee Wine & Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas, 588 U.S. 504 (2019) | opinion | 21st: Repeal |
| Timbs v. Indiana (2019), No. 17-1091 | opinion | Cases and originals, Incorporation, Course overview, 14th: Due process, equal, 8th: Fines, punishment, Williams code, clause by clause |
| Chiafalo v. Washington, 591 U.S. 578 (2020) | opinion | 12th: Electoral College, 23rd: D.C. electors, Art. II: The President |
| Ramos v. Louisiana, 590 U.S. 83 (2020) | opinion | 6th: Fair trial |
| Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, 591 U.S. 197 (2020) | opinion | Art. II: The President |
| Caniglia v. Strom, 593 U.S. 194 (2021) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid, 594 U.S. 139 (2021) | opinion | 5th: Due process, takings |
| Fulton v. City of Philadelphia, 593 U.S. 522 (2021) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Lange v. California, 594 U.S. 295 (2021) | opinion | 4th: Search and seizure |
| Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, 597 U.S. 215 (2022) | opinion | CA Art I: Liberty, equality, 14th: Due process, equal, 9th: Unlisted rights |
| Kennedy v. Bremerton School District, 597 U.S. 507 (2022) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn. v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1 (2022) | opinion | 2nd: Arms |
| Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, 600 U.S. 181 (2023) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Tyler v. Hennepin County (2023), No. 22-166 | opinion | Cases and originals, 5th: Due process, takings, Williams code, clause by clause |
| City of Grants Pass v. Johnson, 603 U.S. 520 (2024) | opinion | 8th: Fines, punishment |
| Gonzalez v. Trevino, 602 U.S. 653 (2024) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Lindke v. Freed, 601 U.S. 187 (2024) | opinion | 1st: Speech, religion |
| Moore v. United States, 602 U.S. 572 (2024) | opinion | 16th: Income tax |
| Securities and Exchange Commission v. Jarkesy, 603 U.S. 109 (2024) | opinion | 7th: Civil juries, Art. III: The courts |
| Sheetz v. County of El Dorado, 601 U.S. 267 (2024) | opinion | CA Art I: Property, index, 5th: Due process, takings |
| Trump v. Anderson, 601 U.S. 100 (2024) | opinion | 14th: Due process, equal |
| Trump v. United States, 603 U.S. 593 (2024) | opinion | Art. II: The President |
| United States v. Rahimi, 602 U.S. 680 (2024) | opinion | 2nd: Arms |
Case index: California Supreme Court (61)
| Case | Read it | Taught in |
|---|---|---|
| Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450 | opinion | Cases and originals |
| Albers v. County of Los Angeles (1965) 62 Cal.2d 250 | opinion | CA Art I: Property, index |
| Joslin v. Marin Municipal Water Dist. (1967) 67 Cal.2d 132 | opinion | CA Arts IX–X B: Schools, water |
| Vogel v. County of Los Angeles (1967) 68 Cal.2d 18 | opinion | CA Art XX: Oath & misc. |
| Holtz v. Superior Court (1970) 3 Cal.3d 296 | opinion | CA Art I: Property, index |
| Serrano v. Priest (1971) 5 Cal.3d 584 | opinion | CA Art I: Liberty, equality, CA Arts IX–X B: Schools, water |
| Murgia v. Municipal Court (1975) 15 Cal.3d 286 | opinion | CA Art I: Liberty, equality, Cases and originals, Course overview, Williams code, clause by clause |
| People v. Brisendine (1975) 13 Cal.3d 528 | opinion | CA Art I: Criminal justice, 4th: Search and seizure |
| White v. Davis (1975) 13 Cal.3d 757 | opinion | CA Art I: Liberty, equality, Supremacy and preemption |
| Associated Home Builders etc., Inc. v. City of Livermore (1976) 18 Cal.3d 582 | opinion | CA Art II: Voting & direct democracy |
| Stanson v. Mott (1976) 17 Cal.3d 206 | opinion | CA Art XVI: Public finance |
| Amador Valley Joint Union High Sch. Dist. v. State Bd. of Equalization (1978) 22 Cal.3d 208 | opinion | CA Art XIII: Taxation, CA Art XIII A: Prop 13, CA Art XVIII: Amending, CA Art II: Voting & direct democracy |
| Fox v. City of Los Angeles (1978) 22 Cal.3d 792 | opinion | CA Art I: Speech, records |
| Hale v. Morgan (1978) 22 Cal.3d 388 | opinion | CA Art I: Criminal justice, Cases and originals, 8th: Fines, punishment, Williams code, clause by clause |
| People v. Wheeler (1978) 22 Cal.3d 258 | opinion | CA Art I: Criminal justice |
| People v. Ramirez (1979) 25 Cal.3d 260 | opinion | CA Art I: Criminal justice, CA Art I: Liberty, equality |
| Robins v. Pruneyard Shopping Center (1979) 23 Cal.3d 899 | opinion | CA Art I: Speech, records, Cases and originals |
| Brosnahan v. Brown (1982) 32 Cal.3d 236 | opinion | CA Art II: Voting & direct democracy |
| City and County of San Francisco v. Farrell (1982) 32 Cal.3d 47 | opinion | CA Art XIII A: Prop 13 |
| Los Angeles County Transportation Com. v. Richmond (1982) 31 Cal.3d 197 | opinion | CA Art XIII A: Prop 13 |
| National Audubon Society v. Superior Court (1983) 33 Cal.3d 419 | opinion | CA Arts IX–X B: Schools, water |
| Candid Enterprises, Inc. v. Grossmont Union High School Dist. (1985) 39 Cal.3d 878 | opinion | CA Art XI: Local government |
| In re Lance W. (1985) 37 Cal.3d 873 | opinion | CA Art I: Criminal justice, 4th: Search and seizure |
| County of Los Angeles v. State of California (1987) 43 Cal.3d 46 | opinion | CA Art XIII B: Spending limit |
| Raven v. Deukmejian (1990) 52 Cal.3d 336 | opinion | CA Art I: Criminal justice, CA Art XVIII: Amending |
| California Fed. Savings & Loan Assn. v. City of Los Angeles (1991) 54 Cal.3d 1 | opinion | State law and the city |
| Legislature v. Eu (1991) 54 Cal.3d 492 | opinion | CA Art IV: Legislature |
| Sands v. Morongo Unified School Dist. (1991) 53 Cal.3d 863 | opinion | CA Art I: Speech, records |
| Butt v. State of California (1992) 4 Cal.4th 668 | opinion | CA Arts IX–X B: Schools, water |
| Sherwin-Williams Co. v. City of Los Angeles (1993) 4 Cal.4th 893 | opinion | Cases and originals, State law and the city, Course overview, Williams code, clause by clause |
| Hensler v. City of Glendale (1994) 8 Cal.4th 1 | opinion | CA Art I: Property, index, CA Art VI: Courts |
| Hill v. National Collegiate Athletic Assn. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1 | opinion | CA Art I: Liberty, equality, Cases and originals |
| DeVita v. County of Napa (1995) 9 Cal.4th 763 | opinion | CA Art II: Voting & direct democracy, Art. IV: The states |
| Rossi v. Brown (1995) 9 Cal.4th 688 | opinion | CA Art II: Voting & direct democracy |
| Professional Engineers in California Government v. Department of Transportation (1997) 15 Cal.4th 543 | opinion | CA Art VII: Public employees |
| Sinclair Paint Co. v. State Bd. of Equalization (1997) 15 Cal.4th 866 | opinion | CA Art XIII C: Local taxes |
| Gerawan Farming, Inc. v. Lyons (2000) 24 Cal.4th 468 | opinion | CA Art I: Speech, records |
| Hi-Voltage Wire Works, Inc. v. City of San Jose (2000) 24 Cal.4th 537 | opinion | CA Art I: Liberty, equality |
| Apartment Assn. of Los Angeles County, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles (2001) 24 Cal.4th 830 | opinion | CA Art XIII D: Fees & assessments |
| Carmel Valley Fire Protection Dist. v. State of California (2001) 25 Cal.4th 287 | opinion | CA Art III: State & separation |
| San Remo Hotel v. City and County of San Francisco (2002) 27 Cal.4th 643 | opinion | CA Art I: Property, index |
| Catholic Charities of Sacramento, Inc. v. Superior Court (2004) 32 Cal.4th 527 | opinion | CA Art I: Speech, records |
| Lockyer v. City and County of San Francisco (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1055 | opinion | CA Art XX: Oath & misc., CA Art III: State & separation, CA Art V: Executive, Supremacy and preemption, Art. II: The President |
| Richmond v. Shasta Community Services Dist. (2004) 32 Cal.4th 409 | opinion | CA Art XIII D: Fees & assessments |
| People ex rel. Lockyer v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. (2005) 37 Cal.4th 707 | opinion | CA Art I: Criminal justice, CA Art XIII C: Local taxes, Cases and originals, Williams code, clause by clause |
| Big Creek Lumber Co. v. County of Santa Cruz (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1139 | opinion | CA Art XI: Local government, State law and the city |
| Bighorn-Desert View Water Agency v. Verjil (2006) 39 Cal.4th 205 | opinion | CA Art XIII C: Local taxes, CA Art XIII D: Fees & assessments, Cases and originals, Williams code, clause by clause |
| Fashion Valley Mall, LLC v. NLRB (2007) 42 Cal.4th 850 | opinion | CA Art I: Speech, records |
| Silicon Valley Taxpayers' Assn., Inc. v. Santa Clara County Open Space Authority (2008) 44 Cal.4th 431 | opinion | CA Art XIII: Taxation, CA Art XIII D: Fees & assessments |
| Strauss v. Horton (2009) 46 Cal.4th 364 | opinion | CA Art I: Liberty, equality, CA Art XVIII: Amending |
| Vargas v. City of Salinas (2009) 46 Cal.4th 1 | opinion | CA Art XVI: Public finance |
| Professional Engineers in California Government v. Schwarzenegger (2010) 50 Cal.4th 989 | opinion | CA Art III: State & separation |
| Perry v. Brown (2011) 52 Cal.4th 1116 | opinion | CA Art II: Voting & direct democracy |
| State Building & Construction Trades Council of California v. City of Vista (2012) 54 Cal.4th 547 | opinion | CA Art XI: Local government |
| Vandermost v. Bowen (2012) 53 Cal.4th 421 | opinion | CA: Other & repealed articles |
| City of Riverside v. Inland Empire Patients Health & Wellness Center, Inc. (2013) 56 Cal.4th 729 | opinion | CA Art XI: Local government |
| Sierra Club v. Superior Court (2013) 57 Cal.4th 157 | opinion | CA Art I: Speech, records |
| Tuolumne Jobs & Small Business Alliance v. Superior Court (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1029 | opinion | CA Art II: Voting & direct democracy |
| California Building Industry Assn. v. City of San Jose (2015) 61 Cal.4th 435 | opinion | CA Art I: Property, index |
| California Cannabis Coalition v. City of Upland (2017) 3 Cal.5th 924 | opinion | CA Art XIII C: Local taxes |
| City of San Jose v. Superior Court (2017) 2 Cal.5th 608 | opinion | CA Art I: Speech, records |
Case index: California Courts of Appeal (6)
| Case | Read it | Taught in |
|---|---|---|
| Gleaves v. Waters (1985) 175 Cal.App.3d 413 | opinion | CA Art I: Criminal justice, Cases and originals, Worked path: code to rights, Course overview, Williams code, clause by clause |
| Traders Sports, Inc. v. City of San Leandro (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 37 | opinion | CA Art XI: Local government |
| Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Assn. v. City of Roseville (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 637 | opinion | CA Art XIII D: Fees & assessments |
| Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Assn. v. City of Salinas (2002) 98 Cal.App.4th 1351 | opinion | CA Art XIII D: Fees & assessments |
| Capistrano Taxpayers Assn., Inc. v. City of San Juan Capistrano (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 1493 | opinion | CA Art XIII D: Fees & assessments |
| People v. Dueñas (2019) 30 Cal.App.5th 1157 | opinion | CA Art I: Criminal justice |
Where to read the originals
| What | Where | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| U.S. Constitution | National Archives · our copy | Transcription of the original. Verified28 |
| Bill of Rights; Amendments 11-27 | Archives: Bill of Rights · Amendments 11-27 | Verified2930 |
| U.S. Constitution, annotated | Constitution Annotated (Congress) | Explains how courts have read each clause. Verified31 |
| California Constitution | Legislature's site · Senate PDF · our copy | Official text. Verified32 Verified33 |
| California statutes | leginfo.legislature.ca.gov | The official home of state codes; our statute quotes come from unofficial copies, so check them here. Verified34 |
| Williams Municipal Code | Municode | The official code. Our quotes are from a third-party mirror. Verified35 |
| Court opinions | Cornell LII, CourtListener, Justia | Free copies. Verified36 |
You reached the last lesson. Test what you learned with the final quiz: 25 questions from every unit.
Sources cited on this page
- Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450 Full opinion text read in the Caselaw Access Project copy. Quotes on this site were machine-checked against that text. ↗
- Superior Court of California, County of Colusa The county superior court's official site, read Nov 3, 2026. Lists two locations in Colusa: Main Courthouse Dept. 1, 547 Market St., and Courthouse Annex Dept. 2, 532 Oak St., both (530) 458-5149. It does not say which location hears appeals of Williams citations. ↗
- California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115 (Citation of opinions) Official text of the rule that unpublished Court of Appeal opinions generally cannot be cited or relied on. ↗
- Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958) Full opinion text read on the LII copy. Quotes on this site were machine-checked against that text. ↗
- Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803) Opinion text read on Cornell's Legal Information Institute (free copy, not the official U.S. Reports). ↗
- Barron v. Baltimore, 32 U.S. (7 Pet.) 243 (1833) Opinion text read on Cornell's Legal Information Institute (free copy, not the official U.S. Reports). ↗
- Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886) Opinion text read on Cornell's Legal Information Institute (free copy, not the official U.S. Reports). ↗
- Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523 (1967) Opinion text read on Cornell's Legal Information Institute (free copy, not the official U.S. Reports). ↗
- Coates v. City of Cincinnati, 402 U.S. 611 (1971) Opinion text read on Cornell's Legal Information Institute (free copy, not the official U.S. Reports). ↗
- Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104 (1972) Opinion text read on Cornell's Legal Information Institute (free copy, not the official U.S. Reports). ↗
- Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976) Opinion text read on Cornell's Legal Information Institute (free copy, not the official U.S. Reports). ↗
- PruneYard Shopping Center v. Robins, 447 U.S. 74 (1980) Opinion text read on Cornell's Legal Information Institute (free copy, not the official U.S. Reports). ↗
- United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321 (1998) Opinion text read on Cornell's Legal Information Institute (free copy, not the official U.S. Reports). ↗
- Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562 (2000) Opinion text read on Cornell's Legal Information Institute (free copy, not the official U.S. Reports). ↗
- McDonald v. City of Chicago, 561 U.S. 742 (2010) (syllabus) Only the official syllabus was read, plus the passages quoted in Timbs v. Indiana. The syllabus is not part of the opinion. ↗
- Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2018), No. 17-21 Opinion text read on Cornell's Legal Information Institute (free copy, not the official U.S. Reports). ↗
- Timbs v. Indiana (2019), No. 17-1091 Opinion text read on Cornell's Legal Information Institute (free copy, not the official U.S. Reports). ↗
- Knick v. Township of Scott (2019), No. 17-647 Opinion text read on Cornell's Legal Information Institute (free copy, not the official U.S. Reports). ↗
- Tyler v. Hennepin County (2023), No. 22-166 Opinion text read on Cornell's Legal Information Institute (free copy, not the official U.S. Reports). ↗
- Murgia v. Municipal Court (1975) 15 Cal.3d 286 Opinion text read on a free copy, not the official reporter. Confirm before relying on it. ↗
- Hale v. Morgan (1978) 22 Cal.3d 388 Opinion text read on a free copy, not the official reporter. Confirm before relying on it. ↗
- Robins v. Pruneyard Shopping Center (1979) 23 Cal.3d 899 Opinion text read on a free copy, not the official reporter. Confirm before relying on it. ↗
- Gleaves v. Waters (1985) 175 Cal.App.3d 413 Opinion text read on a free copy, not the official reporter. Confirm before relying on it. ↗
- Sherwin-Williams Co. v. City of Los Angeles (1993) 4 Cal.4th 893 Opinion text read on a free copy, not the official reporter. Confirm before relying on it. ↗
- Hill v. National Collegiate Athletic Assn. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1 Opinion text read on a free copy, not the official reporter. Confirm before relying on it. ↗
- People ex rel. Lockyer v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. (2005) 37 Cal.4th 707 Copy of the opinion posted by the Attorney General's office. ↗
- Bighorn-Desert View Water Agency v. Verjil (2006) 39 Cal.4th 205 Opinion text read on a free copy, not the official reporter. Confirm before relying on it. ↗
- The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription ↗
- The Bill of Rights: A Transcription ↗
- The Constitution: Amendments 11-27 ↗
- Constitution Annotated Blocked automated retrieval; link only. ↗
- Constitutions of California and the United States, 2025-26 edition (PDF) California Constitution as last amended November 5, 2024. ↗
- California Constitution (official, by article) Official table of contents of the California Constitution, by article; opened directly on Oct 29, 2026. ↗
- California Law: codes and statutes (official) The official place to read California statutes; opened directly on Oct 29, 2026 (lists every California code, including the Government Code and Elections Code). ↗
- Williams Municipal Code (official, Municode) Codified through Ord. 275-25 (Dec 10, 2025), per a search snippet. Municode blocked automated access; not bypassed. ↗
- CourtListener case law search Free case-law database. Volunteers used it to confirm that cited cases exist. Not an official court reporter. ↗
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